Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation

Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation Mezirow’s Theory of Perspective Transformation Adults today are the results of their individual chronicles and encounters, which impact their mentalities, thinking procedures, and conceptualization of their universes. John Mezirow accepted that grown-ups can be changed from these encounters; in any case, the transformative learning includes basic self-reflection (Mezirow, 1990). Mezirow comprehended that grown-ups can be changed through a procedure of interlacing a disorientating situation followed by basic reflection and new translations of the experience.Mezirow’s procedure of viewpoint change is frequently represented as direct, also; Mezirow portrayed ten stages beginning with perplexing problem and consummation with point of view change (Mezirow, 1990). Understanding the transformative learning and the disorientating quandary assists grown-ups with acknowledging and comprehend Mezirow’s hypothesis of view point change. The beginning of my change starts with an encounter. For instance, an encounter that I experienced was this past May in the wake of moving on from Immaculata University under-graduate program.My muddling difficulties starts with picking the continuation of my training to seek after a Master’s Degree or start the long and dreary procedure of occupation chasing and meeting in a grim economy. I accept that my choice is life changing and will just assist me with pursueing a thriving life. Proof from Mezirow’s hypothesis and the periods of transformative learning proposes that my situation falls under the principal procedure of a perplexing issue (Anonymous, n. d. ). After graduation I had a couple of months to make sense of a technique and actualize my plan.While investigating my alternatives and making sense of an arrangement I got hit with dread, this dread originated from the â€Å"unknown† of my future. To beat my dread of the â€Å"unknown† I first self-analyze who I am. I expected to show signs of improvement thought of who I am today and who I need to be tomorrow. After I settled on my choice to return to class I started to speak increasingly more about master's level college with my family and dear companions. When the conversation of me returning to class started, I began to find out about other’s seeking after an advanced education all around me.For model I play b-ball locally in two unique associations. The greater part of the groups are made out of montage or as of late graduated understudies. After I told my companions in the b-ball associations about my arrangements of returning to class a couple of them likewise expressed that they were applying or as of now enlisted for graduate school. Hearing other’s focusing on promoting their training and the way toward selecting helped quiet the dread I had somewhere inside. Further consolation was included that others additionally partook in like manner a similar change that I was tackling.This shared change between companions falls under Mezirow fourth stage (Anonymous, n. d. ) Once I conquered my dread of the â€Å"unknown† I began to start my strategy which falls under the 6th phase of Mezirow’s hypothesis (Anonymous, n. d. ). My arrangement began with seeing nearby schools in the zone with either a MBA or MA program in Marketing or Leadership considers. I took a gander at a couple of explicit schools, for example, West Chester, Widener, and Immaculata University’s.After exploring these schools I concerned them and held on to hear back for uplifting news. Sadly I didn't get into my first decision of Widener in light of the fact that I was 70 focuses shy of the prerequisite for my g-tangle score. Be that as it may, I got acknowledged into West Chester and Immaculata. After I had gotten acknowledged into graduate school I felt a murmur of help that I had achieved my objective of beginning the new way to assist my training. At the point when I went into graduate school this was a totally new encounter just as another job for myself.I needed to develop my fearlessness in my new jobs and condition to arrive at my highest potential. Working up my fearlessness was intense from the start however I started to gradually conquer this from the help of my family, schoolmates, and educators. Progress was delayed from the outset on account of the â€Å"unknown† that I was managing in another program and condition. When I got over my first street knock I truly began to take off with fearlessness which falls under Mezirow’s ninth stage (Anonymous, n. d. ).The last period of Mezirow’s hypothesis is the activity of the last part of the transformative learning process (Merriam, Caffarella, Baumgartner, 2007). At the point when I was managed my disorientating situation I made a deferred move to counter my choices and plan. After reality set in that right now is an ideal opportunity to make my change this was the finish of a fresh start. My activity to finish my decision to promote my training is dependent on my recently discovered viewpoint from my disorientating issue and Mezirow’s ten periods of transformational learning.Reference: Merriam, S. B. , Caffarella, R. S. , and Baumgartner, L. (2007). Learning in adulthood: A far reaching guide (3. ed. ). San Francisco: John Wiley and Sons. Mezirow, J. (1990). A manual for transformational and emancipatory pratice. PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning, 7, 1-14. Recovered February 14, 2011, from http://www. iup. edu/resources/0/347/349/4951/4977/10251/AF0EAB12-C2CE-4D2C-B1A0-59B795415437. pdf Anonymous. (n. d. ) Transformational hypothesis.

Is Eminem Right; Music in Today Society

Is Eminem Right? In the paper Eminem is Right , there is a ton of conversation about the connections between the music that our adolescents tune in to and the measure of viciousness and disobedience that is happening. The adolescents of today have revered another age of music icons who share generational marks in a great many melodies is to seethe about what not having a family unit has done to them (Eberstadt 251). Broken homes, family brokenness, looked at guardians and (particularly) missing dads , all bigly affect today’s youth and these are the things our age sings about and tunes in to (Eberstadt 251).The melodies and issues that these different craftsman sing about are authentic issues in their adolescence, yet in the a large number of American teenagers current youth. Guardians are early affronted by the verses of the artists, since youngsters know when they are from a messed up home and they do revolt and get annoyed with their families. Eminem straightforwardly sings about his life to bring in cash, yet what he sings is valid about a great deal of teenagers and he knows this. He targets Baltus 2 them with his tunes, since they cause those children to feel less alone.Comparing the melody Successful by Drake is an extraordinary method to show a craftsman who grew up tuning in to Eminem and that age of music. He sings about him ascending to the top and how he sings about his family and how he couldn’t of gotten where he was in the event that it wasn’t for a couple of things that occurred in his life. He sings about his mom fleeing from home and leaving him and his kin, however he left something in the vehicle and got her before she was out of the carport. He sings that they remained there and cried, in light of the fact that she couldn’t handle it without a man in their life.Drake sings that he at that point turned into the â€Å"phantom† meaning his dad. Drake sings about how the entirety of his companions are back at home, while he got effective. He sings â€Å" †¦ and when I leave I generally return directly here, the youthful rapper that everybody in rap dread, a great deal of all of you still soundin’ like a year ago, the game has changed and I’m the mother f***ing cashier†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Successful). He at that point goes on and sings about how the cash, vehicles and garments don’t satisfy him, his rapping to other people and singing his â€Å"song† is the thing that its about.The tune for this tune is; Baltus 3 â€Å"I need the cash, cash and the vehicles, vehicles And the garments, the diggers I guess I simply need to be, I simply need to be effective I simply need to be, I simply need to be fruitful I simply need to be, I simply need to be successful† The ensemble shows the tangled side of the craftsman and that he truly needs to sing to identify with his fans. He additionally sings about how he needs things to go his direction yet they never appear to. When contrasting this tune and the numerous tunes that Eminem has composed they strife and concur in numerous ways.All Eminem feels is despise for his mom and his non existing dad. He sings about enhancement and misuse, yet neglects to see that not all kids who tune in to his music feel a similar way that he does. He didn’t handle it in the most ideal manner and now he is hollering and focusing on guardians for not in any event, being guardians. The tune Successful sings about similar issues yet not in an irate manner or in a way that is driving the young people of today into a fierce fury or causing them to perpetrate wrongdoings against there parents.Even however the music nowadays is savage and revolting it shouldn’t be the primary fault of today’s adolescents mischievous activities and defiance. These days guardians are approach to simple Baltus 4 to put fault on anybody however themselves. Indeed, music is a major piece of today’s youth yet it ca n just impact in a specific way, at that point it’s up to that youngster or their folks to choose what they think about the melodies. As a parent you show your kids to make themselves proud and you, so actually once you let them into the world you simply trust that you instructed them well, and expectation they follow your example.In the melody Successful there are focuses in the tune where Drake sings that he made his life the manner in which it is, nobody else carried on with the existence he did. Eminem sings about relinquishment, and being manhandled, and consequently he sings about beating his mother and even in a couple of melodies moans about beating his ex. The steady hostility in his tunes is truly recognizable, however it doesn’t imply that all kids or teenagers that tune in to his tunes feel that equivalent animosity that he does. The manner in which kids act and connect isn’t affected by the music and by the verses that numerous vocalists sing, its f or the most part there upbringing.If guardians show their kids the correct qualities and the correct method of seeing things from another person perspective, at that point there youngsters shouldn’t want to be forceful towards there guardians. Every one of the a youngster needs, is to make their folks cheerful and in the event that you acclaim them for their great conduct, at that point they will proceed with a similar conduct, however on the off chance that you possibly give them consideration when they Baltus 5 get out of hand, at that point they may connect awful conduct with â€Å"praise† or attention.This is a terrible method to get consideration, yet like a ton of Eminems tunes, guardians aren’t there to give typical measure of applause. Inferring that it’s almost certain that guardians cause awful conduct than the tunes of mainstream rappers and vocalists, simply because most youngsters need to be given consideration and be remembered for there gua rdians lives. In contending the point if Eminem is correct or off-base, a ton of good contentions emerge and tare down the contention that Eminem is affecting our youngsters to cause ruin and sloppy direct.

Fresh Food!

Fresh Food! Dining is a hot topic here, and rightfully so cause a tooling MIT student has got to eat. In fact, all college students need to eat (hopefully that wasnt surprising to hear). No matter which school you attend, most likely youll be at the mercy of whatever treats the school gives you. Today, something magical is happening. Students, DSL team up to bring produce stand to campus Anne Wilson, Campus Dining March 27, 2009 A cooperative effort between students and Division of Student Life is bearing fruit in the form of a campus produce stand that will open for business beginning Tuesday, March 31. The MIT Market will sell fruits and vegetables from noon to 6 p.m. on Tuesdays in the East Campus Courtyard near Walker Memorial. The stand will be run by Russos, the Watertown-based retailer that won the Best Produce category in Boston magazines 2007 Best of Boston rankings. Sophomore Vrajesh Modi, an Undergraduate Association Senator from East Campus, proposed the project to Dean for Student Life Chris Colombo in January after working with other students to poll East Campus residents about ways to make fruits and vegetables more accessible and affordable. Modi, who called the fruit and vegetable stand idea a unanimous choice, then worked with staff in Residential Life and Campus Dining to make the project a reality. Ideally, we would like to see the student body at large use this and see it have a positive impact on health and wellness at MIT, said Modi. We would also like to see this become a permanent part of the culture and the dining system. (You can read the rest here.) As for me, Im flippin EXCITED! I dont care much for most fruits as they make my throat itch, but there are many vegetables which I love. Right now, its 11:54AM. I happened to get out of class early today. Im sitting in my room facing the EC courtyard, tapping my feet. Consider this a bit of a liveblog. 11:55AM: Check wallet. Cash? Check. 11:56AM: *wonders if just one $20 bill would be enough* 11:57AM: *goes outside*! ~12:00PM: Vrajesh 11 (not pictured) opens the grand opening ceremony with a short thanks to everyone who helped, then Dean Colombo cuts the ribbon. Shopping commences. 12:19PM: THIS LINE IS REALLY LONG. And somehow it got colder, but Im just glad its so nice out. ~12:25PM: I now have a huge head of romaine lettuce, a bunch of snow peas, one red bell pepper, a variety of potatoes, a pound of carrots, and a bulb of garlic. And it only cost me $6! And I only stopped because I couldnt carry more in my hands, because I hadnt thought to bring some bigger, more environmentally friendly bag.. -_-. ~12:35PM: The lettuce is so huge it pretty much takes up the entirety of my dorm-sized crisper. With everything else inside, it doesnt really close anymore.. ah well. 12:37PM: Even Lulus cat wants to see what all the fuss is about. I plan to go back and buy a few more things, like green beans and maybe some herbs. Hmm, what should I make for dinner? :)

Criminal Justice Degree Graduates Online 2019

The growth of online Criminal Justice Degree Programs indicate that career opportunities in criminal justice and public safety also continue to grow rapidly, partly attributable to the recent spread of national and international terrorism and the addition of technology in the study of crime. Criminal justice degree graduates of online programs must have a desire to be a part of a system that is designed to protect and serve the community, investigate and punish crime, assess, rehabilitate, and incarcerate offenders, and seek out terrorism. Criminal justice degree graduates of online criminal justice programs can enjoy a rewarding career of service and loyalty to ones country. How does one go about becoming a criminal justice degree graduate? It has never been more convenient to become a criminal justice degree graduate from an online criminal justice program with numerous colleges and universities offering distance learning programs via the Internet. These programs allow students to graduate from a Criminal Justice Degree program online according to their schedule and from the comfort of their own home. Online Criminal Justice degrees are fast becoming recognized as just as legitimate as the traditional classroom-setting degree programs. An online degree in Criminal Justice prepares graduates for careers in public and private agencies, corrections, courts, and social services. Some Criminal Degree graduates of online justice programs pursue opportunities in Law Enforcement and apprehension as Police Officers, prosecution and defense through the courts and Judiciary system, incarceration, and supervision of offenders as Probation officers. The online Criminal Justice degree programs examine the processes of criminal justi ce and instill the skills needed for an understanding of administrative decision-making, ethical issues, conflict-resolution, and technology in crime. .u6e9836d6f1ca9b427a2ec4b8560a381b { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u6e9836d6f1ca9b427a2ec4b8560a381b:active, .u6e9836d6f1ca9b427a2ec4b8560a381b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u6e9836d6f1ca9b427a2ec4b8560a381b { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u6e9836d6f1ca9b427a2ec4b8560a381b .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u6e9836d6f1ca9b427a2ec4b8560a381b .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u6e9836d6f1ca9b427a2ec4b8560a381b:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Associate Business What do Employers Think About Online DegreesCriminal justice degree graduates in online programs focus on a variety of criminal and social issues. Focuses include Forensics, Homeland Security, Paralegal Studies, Corporate Law, Court Reporting, and Criminal Defense, among others. Prospective graduates should research the many colleges and universities offering Criminal Justice graduate programs online, as they offer varying areas of focus and different majors. Forensic students learn the process and preservation of crime scenes and the processing of physical evidence. Criminal degree graduates in online programs with a Law major are provided with the skills to prepare cases for court and are trained in analytical thinking and self-discipline. Further online studies include a comprehensive study of criminal intent and motivations, victimology, alternatives to incarceration, and computer crime. Court Reporting courses offer students reporter status on an official, freelance, and government basis. The curriculum and objectives here are just a few examples of the diverse choices criminal justice degree graduates of online justice programs pursue. Students also have several options when considering colleges and universities that offer criminal justice degrees online. Colorado Technical University, the University of Phoenix, Capella University, and Kaplan University are among the various schools that offer a criminal justice education in an Associates in Criminal Justice, Bachelors in Criminal Justice, and Masters in Criminal Justice. .u98941f07fd99333b993ca62b97207077 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u98941f07fd99333b993ca62b97207077:active, .u98941f07fd99333b993ca62b97207077:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u98941f07fd99333b993ca62b97207077 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u98941f07fd99333b993ca62b97207077 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u98941f07fd99333b993ca62b97207077 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u98941f07fd99333b993ca62b97207077:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Focused Health Care Planning For StudentsRelated ArticlesEarning a Criminal Justice Degree OnlineA Convenient Education In Criminal JusticeConsider Earning Your Criminal Justice Degree OnlineSo You Have a Criminal Justice Degree, Now WhatThe Road to a Criminal Justice Career Earning an A.A. in Criminal JusticeIs a Bachelors in Criminal Justice For You

Song of the Hummingbird - 1325 Words

Jon Ryan Professor Orona-Cordova Chicano Studies 115 17 September 2012 Expository Essay #1 Throughout the course of his novel Barrio Boy, Ernesto Galarza does a superb job of capturing the many intricacies and emotions that were associated with his culture during the time period in which he lived. Galarza’s story encompasses his own personal experiences as well the condition of his surrounding environments and neighbors. Galarza also goes in depth about the terrain and location of the various cities he traveled to through the duration of his childhood. Although this story is designed to portray the early life of Ernesto Galarza, it also does a tremendous job of capturing the essence of Hispanic culture during his†¦show more content†¦Galarza interacts with Don Catarino, Gustavo, Jose, his mother, and his aunt in an enormously respectful way that was considered widely acceptable at the time. However, in modern times, this level of respect seems to be rarely visible in most parts of our society. Personally, I believe this moral’s inclusion in the book is vital because it demonstrates to youth and adolescent readers the proper way that adults should be treated. While the book does an excellent job of showing the determination and labor of the men of Hispanic households, it particularly does well in showcasing the immense difficulty that women of the time period were faced with. For example, Ernesto’s mother does not have his father to assist in raising him, therefore, she lives with her sister and his husband as a result. This shows the mother’s priorities are aligned because rather than be ashamed of having to seek refuge with a family member, she simply puts her son’s comfort and life above all and swallows her pride. Furthermore, as a woman of the household she helps create multiple meals every day for the entire family. Unfortunately for her, however, women were expected to eat last and as a result, she would have to wait patiently to eat the meal she cooked regardless of how hungry she was. His mother also shows qualities of aShow MoreRelatedSong of the Hummingbird Essay2183 Words   |  9 Pagescivilization that practiced human sacrifice and ritual dances, and then one day that civilization no lo nger exists because another culture decided to conquer them. These people are known to modern society as the Aztecs. In Graciela Limons novel, Song of the Hummingbird, she illustrated how a culture like the Aztecs or Mexica, can quickly diminish when there are people such as the Spanish that have very limited understanding about certain subjects. Some people may say that the Aztecs were slaughtered becauseRead MoreSong of a Hummingbird by Graciela Limon. Chicano Studies novel. Summary and ideas of the book and its relation to the Day of the Dead1512 Words   |  7 PagesSong of a Hummingbird: A Battle of Consciousness Tomorrow we celebrate the Day of the Dead--a ceremony where a society pays homage to those who have passed, and planted their seeds in the lives of others. Our ancestors influence us and the lessons they have passed down throughout generations; however, not all lessons were the same. All were influenced by their time period and personal sense of morality. That influence was then conveyed to their child--or whoever was willing to listen. These storiesRead MoreSong Of A Humming Bird By Graciela Limon1315 Words   |  6 Pages The Novel â€Å"Song of a Humming Bird† by Graciela Limà ³n is an outstanding novel that emphasis on an elderly Indian woman. Who is close to her death and is inclined to come to church for forgiveness for thy â€Å"sins† she has committed. This book is focused how Indian women lived back in the 50’s. It mentions two different opinions from an Indian and a Spaniard. I enjoyed this book a lot it gave me an inside of what happened back i n the 50’s. I will be describing the difference between two main charactersRead MoreThe Club Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduce you soon. Are you going to sing that song for me again?† My heart flutters like a hummingbird in my chest, my breath becomes heavy, making me dizzy almost. My eyes flutter closed as I lose myself in this moment with Angelo. All too soon I hear my name being called, freeing me from captivity. I snap my eyes open to see Frankie standing on the stage, holding his hand out towards me. I turn to face Angelo, who gazes at me with sensual eyes. ï » ¿The hummingbird in my chest beats her wings harder, desperatelyRead MoreThe And Out Of The Cradle Endlessly Rocking By Walt Whitman942 Words   |  4 Pagesis the story of a pair of hummingbirds that showed mortality’s nature. The boy was able to feel the strong bond between the lovers (Whitman 31-40). However, the she-bird died (Whitman 45). In the he-bird’s powerful song, he saw images of his loved one in various parts of nature. He saw the shape of his mate outlined in the moon (Whitman 86-89), and in the stars (Whitman 93). Whitman used the heartbreaking break up of lovers, and the sorrowful emotions of the bird’s song to illustrate that mortalityRead MoreAztec Beliefs On Death And The Afterlife1467 Words   |  6 PagesMictecacihuatl: ( Eidt, 2011) Mictecacihuatl, the wife of Lord of Mictlan, Mictlantecuhtli. She is, â€Å"The Lady of the Land of the Dead†. Death was not to be feared nor so much a mystery, but an integral part of life. A part that set the soul free. In a place of song and dance she was a protectress for the souls in the underworld. She danced with a rattle echoing from her skirt, decorated by shells and feathers. Her veneration by the Mexica is common and persists known as Dia de los Muertos. A celebration thatRead MoreThe Journey Of Santa Barbara1667 Words   |  7 PagesAndre Clark Bird Refuge. I read it was created by closing off connection to the ocean. Bobby’s twin points to a rose-throated hummingbird that commonly appears in Massachusetts. I aim to tell him, my brother has a thing for hummingbirds. He had a feeder in his backyard, and kept it chock-full with seeds in the winter. And have to add, it seemed only proper to have a hummingbird carved on his grave marker. Howeve r, my body is sapped and I say nothing. No worries, he appears to know that and more, anywaysRead MoreA Day at the Lake Essay666 Words   |  3 Pagesmaintain the perfect cohesion with the outdoor temple. Vegetation is all along the bank with fruit producing vines in astonishing numbers. Birds are flying making their presence known by beautiful songs. Squirrels are running abroad looking for acorns, and the trees feel nice enough to share. Hummingbirds are hovering consistently over the honeysuckle bushes. Woodpeckers are knocking out a tune in stereo surround sound. A simple toss of nutrients into the water brings groups of fish giving their salutationsRead MoreMy Best Friend Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pagesboisterous, funny, and talented steel pan music composer, the pan school comprised of young children and teenagers. The band played at all sorts of events around the country, serenading audiences with renditions of familiar songs. I remember our introductory and interlude s ong was the musical piece from the movie Mission Impossible and I secretly cringed every time we played it. As the band grew in size, we gained popularity. This allowed us the opportunity to take part in the National Schools JuniorRead MoreA Research Study On Vocal Learning1401 Words   |  6 Pagesa sound (typically units of language called morphemes) and is able to replicate that sound on its own. Dr. Jarvis studies vocal learning in 5 species of mammals (humans, dolphins/whales, bats, elephants, seals) and 3 species of birds (parrots, hummingbirds, songbirds). He gives an example of an elephant that he found in Asia that was able to produce Korean words by placing its trunk in its mouth and moving it up and down. He goes on to explain that vocal learning is closely tied with auditory learning

Career Development Interventions And Individuals With...

Career Development Interventions and Individuals with Serious Mental Illness During the past few decades as individuals with SMI have transitioned from institutions into communities, several types of vocational services have been implemented to help these individuals obtain and maintain competitive employment (Kirsh, Krupa, Cockburn, Gewurtz, 2006). Employment counselling. The goals of employment counselling are to help clients develop a greater awareness of their disability, develop decision making competencies within the context of work, as well as, develop a personal vocational plan that reflects their interests, values and skills (Krupa, 2007; Kirsh et al., 2009). An individual work plan can include exploring barriers to employment, vocational assessment, labour market research, educational research and planning, and work experience placements (Kirsh et al., 2009). A potential issue with employment counselling is the possibility of clients viewing counsellors as experts instead of facilitators, as those with SMI often have limited self-knowledge, unreal istic goals, and inappropriate work behaviours due to their vocational immaturity (Caparoso Kiselica, 2004). As a result, they may need more assistance relative to clients without mental illness in understanding life roles and making life and vocational decisions (Caparoso Kiselica, 2004). Transitional employment. Transitional employment is available to individuals with an SMI as aShow MoreRelatedEssay On Crisis Emergency1162 Words   |  5 Pages firefighters, emergency services personnel, and dispatchers to gain knowledge on how to respond in a crisis emergency. Under the current law, first responders are required to complete mental health awareness training. House Bill 1480 amends the current bill in requiring first responders to participate in a mental health awareness program that is not facilitated by DBHDS and must maintain their training every two years (Helsel, G. C., Jr., 2017). Behavioral Emergencies Law-enforcement officers,Read MoreAlternative Medicine For Traditional Medicine1353 Words   |  6 PagesIn this diverse and highly developed society, traditional medicine is not the only way to healing illness, alternative medicine must be regarded seriously. The change of living environment and the improvement of living standards lead medical model transformed, also result in the future perception about alternative medicine in mainstream medical community. Kayne (2004) states that: â€Å"as patients have greater access to information, their needs and value change. They become more involved in their overallRead MoreFamily and Individual Therapy Modalities Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual therapy is concerned with enhancing positive feelings of an individual such as self-esteem, compassion, love, peace, and courage. On the other hand, family therapy focuses on the relationship between members of a family and how they interact with one other. It is also worth acknowledging that although individual and family therapy modalities are distinct, the two are co-dependent because individuals and families are inseparable. Therefore, it is possible to integrate the two theories soRead MoreSchizophreni A Mental Disorder Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that often appears in someone’s early adulthood stage, but it can emerge at any point of time in life. This disorder affects the brain and is considered as psychosis, which is a type of mental illness that makes people with it unable to differentiate between reality and imagination. The first person to identify schizophrenia as a mental illness was German physician Dr. Emile Kraepelin in 1887 and categorized it as dementia that occurs early in lifeRead MoreEssay On Stress And Burnout1603 Words   |  7 PagesStress and Burnout in our current workforce is and has become a widespread problem and continues to affect the American workforce. Stress can have a damaging outcome to the human body and can lead to negative effects on individuals. Stress can never be specifically described to how it will affect each person specifically; it varies from one person to another. However, in most all situations the body is no longer functioning in a healthy way. 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More importantly, philosophystrongly affects the formulation of personal values which underlines all undertakings of a nurse in the practice of his profession (Meehan, 2012; Kutin 2013). The application of a personal philosophy provide meaningful direction for a nurse’s career. It serves as a basis for andsustain exceptional nursing practice, and the ability to decreaseRead MoreEarly Intervention Reducing Recidivism Among Children and Adolescent Offenders1991 Words   |  8 PagesEarly Intervention reducing recidivism among children and adolescent offenders Student number: s2875363 Student name: Kate O’Reilly Course name: CCJ10 Introduction to Forensic PsychologyRead MorePersonal Philosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1318 Words   |  6 Pagescomes in the education of nurses and teachers and in the development of nursing theory and research. More importantly, philosophy strongly affects the formulation of personal values which underlines all undertakings of a nurse in the practice of his profession (Meehan, 2012; Kutin 2013). Personal philosophy sustains exceptional nursing practice and the ability to decrease the cases of insensitive and ineffectual practice and is a nurse’s career guide, which aids in giving meaningful direction (ZerwekhRead MoreQuestions On Problems Faced By Adolescents1049 Words   |  5 Pagesfaced by adolescents Introduction:- Adolescence is the stage of physical and psychological development that is classified between the stage of onset of puberty and the stage of acquiring of adulthood, and is broadly considered to be the time of the teens (13-19). It is a very important process for the development of a human, but the drastic changes can have a negative impact on both mind and body of the individual without proper awareness and knowledge. Objectives:- The objectives of this write up focus

Civil Engineering And American Engineering Example For Students

Civil Engineering And American Engineering Not a lot of people know about civil engineering, civil engineering is the building of bridges, roadways, and buildings; but civil engineering is so much more than that. According to Columbia University which is located in New York, civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline, the old civil engineering discipline or sanitary engineering has evolved into the modern environmental engineering of such significance that most academic departments have changed their names to civil and environmental engineering. Civil engineering has been around since people started building major public works, known a mother engineering. The first private college to tech civil engineering was Norwich University. Civil engineers do a lot more than design and build buildings; bridges. They can also be found in the aerospace industry designing jetliners and space stations, the automotive industry, power stations or where ever constructed factories or industries are located. civil engineering focuses on the study of structural systems, the core courses in a civil engineering curriculum reflect this. Most civil engineers start their learning with basic physics and calculus courses. Later courses can include geology, soil mechanics, and design of steel structures. A civil engineering curriculum is usually rounded out with advanced classes that match the student s desired specialty, which may include development of concrete structures, and highway design, among other specialties. There are many colleges and universities across the country that provide degrees in engineering, from bachelor s degrees to PhD s. Civil engineering is more than buildings and bridges. They also design airplanes and pipeline systems under large cities. Civil engineering is a very large field you can do almost anything with.† Civil engineers are responsible for planning and creating building projects, such as water systems, tunnels, bridges and other public works projects. During the design phases of a project, engineers calculate the load requirements and weather conditions that the completed structure needs to withstand. They then usually consult with the builders to ensure that the project is constructed safely and successfully.† Civil engineers create improve and protect the environment we live in. they also plan, design, control construction and maintenance of building structure and faculties such as roads, railways, airports, bridges, harbors, dams, irrigation projects, water and sewage systems. Civil engineers are creative people who are solve problems. They come up with lots of ideas and then turn them into real thigs for people around the world to use. Civil engineers main job is to design transport systems to keep our nation moving not stop. Civil engineers after the Haiti earthquake, civil engineers moved quickly to Haiti and began building structures such as houses, schools, hospitals, roads, bridges etc. one of the greatest civil engineering achievements is the Panama Canal. Civil engineers generally work in a variety of locations and conditions. Many spend time outdoors at construction sites so that they can monitor operations or solve problems onsite. Most work full time. Some civil engineers stay inside and design jets or buildings for a living. These are some of the civil engineering fields To become a civil engineer, you have to go earn at least an associates degree, you can be part of a crew but not lead a group, with a bachelor’s degree you can lead a group but that is 5 years of college also: with a master degree you can become a professor, then in high school you have to study trigonometry, algebra, chemistry, physics, math, and science. Most civil engineers began at a young age building bridges and towers out of toy Legos. Civil engineers often think outside the box to turn what seems like impossible task into very possible task. All civil engineers have to pass a test stating that they will build and design safe structures.in all 50 states if a civil engineer is offering their work to the public they have to have a license. Monique Abdelsayed EssayCivil engineers in the United States must contend with the problem of crumbling infrastructure. Many of the dams, bridges, and roads in the country are aged and in disrepair. Updating them for the 21st century is one of the major challenges facing civil engineers today. Another issue are budgetary restraints faced by national, state, and local jurisdictions. Therefore, some civil engineers must do more with less in an effort to bring the nation s infrastructure up to par.

Public Relations

Abstract International events bring many people from different regions together. When organizing internationals events, organizers should have competence skills so that they can be able to make such events successful and enable the customers to appreciate the products. During preparation of internationals events, public relations and relationship marketing skills play a major role in ensuring that the event is successful (Bernays, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will assess the effectiveness of public relations and relations marketing in ensuring that international events become successful. To acquire a broader understanding, this paper will discuss numerous theories of public relations and relationship management. This paper will also use the Miss Universe Pageant 2011 as the case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of public relations and re lationship management. Introduction Events industry is crucial in informing the public about future events (Peck, 2001). Mostly, events industry is influential in ensuring the public supports local and international events. Notably, marketing plays a major role to ensure that such events become successful. Marketing refers to any positive effort used by a company to cultivate a good relationship between the customer and the company (Bernays, 2004). These efforts refer to the various approach techniques aimed at achieving the set objectives. Marketing helps individual and companies to obtain positive results through developing channels where they can be able to exchange products, ideas, and values. However, it is important to understand that balancing the company’s need and those of the customer is a crucial step, and any strategy used by the company in the marketing process must be guided by certain goals. Such objectives must meet customers’ expectations (Smith, 2004) . Today, there is a serious competition and event organizers must become innovative in order to out-smart other competitors in the same field. They must also be very creative to develop better strategies that will catch the attention of the customers. On the other hand, it is important that event organizers to have the ability to maintain customer’s base (Marconi, 2004). A good marketer is able to maintain a good relationship with the customers and therefore ensuring that the marketer also retains his customers (Wilcox and Cameron, 2011). Because of competition, marketers should work towards retaining their customers. However, this is not easy and it requires a well developed relationship between the marketer and the customer. Therefore, public relation and marketing go hand in hand. Public relation is a management practice which aims at promoting goodwill between the organization and the public, community members, employees and the customers (Brown, 2009). It also involves d ifferent procedures that influences public’s attitudes, defines procedures of a company, and develops the action plan to earn public acceptance (Breakenridge, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a company develops new products, public relation informs the public about the new products. The public relation department then studies the public to observe their reaction or respond to the new product. This is the reasons why event organizers must organize an event that will be productive. Relation marketing is a form of marketing which has emerged as a result of customer response. This form of marketing involves being aware of customers need in order to satisfy them (Smith, 2011). Relation marketing aims at developing a strong and long lasting relationship with the customers. Literature review of public relation theories In this section, this paper will review num erous contemporary theories of the public relations and relation marketing especially those theories that have emerged in the recent. This theories will demonstrate how new developments have emerged in this crucial areas of public relation and relation marketing. Rhetoric theory of public relation is one of the public relations theories that emerged long time. This theory was proposed by Robert Heath in the 1980. â€Å"Heath proposed rhetoric to be the essence of an organization’s relationship to its environment† (Mackey, 2003). According to Heath, expressing marketing ideas through speech plays an important role in promoting public relations. Heath also argues that, a good and successful organization is one that is able to communicate well to the customers (Mackey, 2003). Therefore, rhetorical theory plays a major role in facilitating public relations and it accounts for the symbolic aspects of communication that are significant in public relations activities (Mackey, 2003). Rhetoric theory helps to focus on the stakeholders, bring different interpretations, and creates meaning. The Commitment-Trust theory of relationship marketing. Morgan and Hunt, (1994) argues that relationship marketing is about creating and maintaining quality â€Å"relational exchange.† In order to have a successful relation marketing, commitment and trust are key ingredients required to maintain focus to the set goals. Relation marketing involves developing network so that the company can be ahead of other competitors. Morgan and Hunt (1994) say that, â€Å"true marketing companies† become successful by establishing strong networks that are held together by norms such as commitment and trust. Within a network, competitors need to develop a strong trust to cooperate well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Public Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, there are other m any factors that may contribute to success or failure of relation marketing but commitment and trust are central to success of relation marketing because they encourage investment among marketers, encourage commitment to short term and long term goals, and they promote efficiency leading to supportive behavior (Morgan and Hunt, 1994). Symmetrical model of public relations. This theory was brought forward by Grunings and has its foundation from political science theories (Turney, 1998). Interest group liberalism is a political theory, which believes that in a society, groups have different interests and there is need to indentify a point of harmony. For instance, in a country groups of activists or trade unions must be formed to protect the public from exploitative behaviors (Turney, 1998). The symmetrical model in public relations argues that, public relation officers are hired not only to make sure the organization benefits but also to ensure that the targeted groups benefit (Turne y, 1998). This theory also argues that public relations occur when people want to secure and develop their expectations. For these reasons, people have to engage in dialogue and arguments to solve current issues and prevent conflict in the future. Public relation is a continuous practice and hence it is important to form long lasting relationships (Turney, 1998). It is also important to listen and understand others to ensure effective communication. Back ground information about Miss Universe 2011 In fact, Miss Universe 2011 attracted million of viewers across the world. This is also a current event that will help in reflecting how public relation and relation marketing have developed today. Miss Universe 2011 will also help in assessing the current marketing strategies especially the social media and how it has contributed to success of events. Miss Universe is beauty pageant project that was founded in the year 1952 by California Pacific Mills Company (Miss Universe Organization, 2011). This event is held every year with the main event usually being held in the months of May or July. The first contest was held in California. Miss Universe 2011 marks the 60th anniversary of the Miss Universe event; it was held in Brazil September 12, 2011 (Miss Universe Organization, 2011). The 2011 pageant was broadcasted across the world and it had over 600 million viewers. In this event, the finalists were interviewed and the runners up were decided based on this criterion.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the organizers, the winner must meet certain standards and must posses some traits such as intelligent, quality discipline, and cultural values (Miss Universe Organization, 2011) and therefore Miss Universe contest is more than a beauty pageant. The event celebrates the intelligence, integrity, and personality of women (Miss Universe Organization, 2011). In recent years, Miss Universe has been chosen by popular internet vote. Voting of the winner was introduced to the viewers where people’s choice was voted in Miss Universe 2011; the winner and her runners-up were given special awards (Miss Universe Organization, 2011). The main objective of this event is to recognize and appreciate qualities that define a woman. On the other hand, the funds that are raised for this event are used to promote charity work across the world. It also promotes cultural values and helps to spread hope in the planet. Internal stakeholders in the Miss Universe 2011 include all involved p articipants such as staff, promoters, donors, contestants, and Miss World Organization, which is the main organizer. Externals stakeholders include all affected parties such as the, host country, community, and the media (Miss Universe Organization, 2011). Public relations strategies used on internal stakeholders For such a big event managing public relations may seem difficult. However, it is important to grab any opportunity to ensure that organizing of this event becomes successful (Ledingham and Bruning, 2001). Foremost, an effective public relations strategy on internals stakeholders will include press release. As an event organizer, it is important that all contestants, employees and other stakeholders be aware of any news concerning future events. Therefore, it is important to write a press release and distribute it to all involved stakeholders to ensure effective communication. Secondly, another public relation strategy that should be used on internal stakeholders is making use of the internet (Johnston and Zawawi, 2009).The company should create a blog. The company’s blog can play a major role to provide good public relations to the management and contestants. When your blog is part of the public relations it helps in enlightening the involved parties about the product and the events is exposed to the customers as well; it is a form of advertisement. Another strategy is working with the media. Public relation is the ability to create and develop free publicity (Hougaard and Bjerre 2003). As such, working with the media ensures that the event gets enough coverage. Once the event gets enough publicity, the company establishes new contacts with other interested parties including donors and volunteers (Bowdin, 2010). Working with the media will ensure that the event acquires more donors and contestants become interested too. Additionally, organizing media events can be a good public relation strategy on internal stakeholders (Smith, 2004). As an ev ent organizer, one can organize several media events such as special shows. This will help in getting many media outlets and it offers the event an opportunity to have a good exposure (Breakenridge, 2008). By gaining a good exposure will motivate the contestants because they also become aware of what is expected in the main event. On the other hand, the organizer should be very creative and come up with excellent ideas. Through such ways, the organization may encourage more promoters and donors to contribute towards supporting this event (Poster, 1995). The use of all public relations is effective in one way or the other. The use of press release, working together with the media, utilizing the internet, and organizing special events can ensure success of the main event (Bowdin, 2010). It will be effective since it provides good exposure, it motivates the contestants, encourages promoters, enlightens the staff, and it does attract more customers. However, creativity is required to pr ovide good public relations to ensure that the event becomes successful. Relation marketing strategies used on external stakeholders and its effectiveness Relations marketing strategies should ensure that external stakeholders are informed concerning events (Ledingham and Bruning, 2001). First, the marketing relations should set up a forum that will allow community and media representatives to give their views pertaining to the upcoming event. The hosting community determines the security level of the place where the event is occurring. For this reason, the relations marketing should ensure that the community is treated with dignity and respect (Marconi, 2004). Secondly, community members should be assured that the event would not violate their norms or interfere with their way of life. Thirdly, marketing relations has to ensure that the community and the media are rewarded for participating in the event and giving the event organizer a positive image (Smith, 2011). The event organi zer should understand that all the stakeholders including the hosting community and the media can make this event successful (Hougaard and Bjerre2003). Relation marketing should also appreciate the community and the social media for their support in the past; this will help them understand that the company recognizes their role and appreciates their effort (Brown, 2009). The media is responsible in promoting the event and the image of the company to the outside world and hence, the marketing relations department must ensure that the media is informed about the progress of the event from planning stages to the final detail. Additionally, the company should create a blog where it can communicate to the community and get instant feedback concerning the upcoming event. Alternatively, event organizer should promote community projects as a social corporate responsibility to bring the hosting community and event organizers closer creating good image and trust (Egan, 2008). Creating good co mmunication between the event organizers, hosting community, and social media will ensure that the company meets the expectations of the stakeholders. When the community feels appreciated, they will support this event and many others because community members have earned trust; this will contribute to success of the event (Peck, 2001). Generally, everyone likes to be appreciated and valued by the people they interact with. For instance, a media group that has supported the company before will be positive about this event because the company has rewarded them for their loyalty. This will ensure that, they will give the Miss Universe beauty pageant more media coverage (Egan, 2008). Conclusion and recommendations Managing relations with the media is so much inclined on public relations than relation marketing. For a long time public relations has been looked as synonymous with the media and this is not true. Public relations maintains positive image of the company to the public. Public relation officers use the social media and press release to communicate to the public. Therefore, public relations department must establish a positive relationship with the media; this is important to prevent any negative communication from the media (McKee and Dave, 2010). Communication is an important aspect in promoting event industry. To ensure that communication is effective, public relation and relation marketing should focus on exposing events online. Social networks can play a major role in this area. Organizers can communicate about Miss Universe event through face book and twitter because majority people are using these social networks. This way, it will attract more participants and encourage customers. To ensure that the event industry becomes successful in the future, organization should develop good relationship with the media because the social media plays a big role in public relations. Therefore, organization should always ensure that they relate well with media b ecause they are also stakeholders (Poster, 1995). Alternatively, organization should also consider promoting special events. The company can opt to promote any event at the community level with an aim of promoting charity work. Through this way, the community will developed trust towards the organization (Harrison and John, 1996) The company should develop a good relationship with their clients. Relation marketing department should create avenues that will enable the company to understand the changing needs of their customers (Egan, 2008). Customer relationship can also be improved by providing the clients with good experiences at all times. Engaging the customers by getting their opinion will enable the customers to feel appreciated and valued. Reference List Bernays, L., 2004. Public Relations. Cleveland: Kessinger Pub Co. Bowdin, G., 2010. Event management. London. Rutledge. Breakenridge, D., 2008. New media, New tools, New audiences. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Brown, R. , 2009. Public Relations and the Social Web. London: Kogan Page. Egan, J., 2008. Relationship Marketing: Exploring Relational Strategies in Marketing. New Jersey. Financial Times Prentice Hall. Harrison, J. and John, C., 1996. Managing and partnering with external stakeholders.  Academy of Management Executive, 10 (2), pp. 48-60. Hougaard, S. and Bjerre, S., 2003. Strategic relationship marketing. New York. Springer. Johnston, J. and Zawawi. C., 2009. Public Relations: Theory and Practice. Sidney: Allen Unwin. Ledingham, A. and Bruning, S., 2001. Public Relations as Relationship Management: A  Relational Approach to the Study and Practice of Public Relations. London: Routledge. Mackey, S., 2003. Changing vistas in public relations theory. Web. Marconi, J., 2004. Public Relations: The Complete Guide. New York: Thomson Learning. McKee, J. and Dave. E., 2010. Social Media Marketing: The next generation of  Business Engagement. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Miss Universe Organiza tion, 2011. Miss Universe. Web. Morgan, R. and Hunt, S., 1994. The Commitment-Trust theory of relation marketing.  The Journal of Marketing, 58 (3), pp. 20-38. Peck, H., 2001.Towards a framework of relationship marketing: a case study approach. Cranfield: Cranfield University Press. Poster, M., 1995. The Second media age. Cambridge: Polity Press. Smith, R., 2004. Strategic planning for public relations. London: Routledge. Smith, M., 2011. The New Relationship Marketing: How to Build a Large, Loyal,  Profitable network. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Turney, M., 1998. Asymmetric v. symmetric public relations. Web. Wilcox, L. and Cameron, T., 2011. Public Relations: Strategies and Tactics. Ottawa: Pearson education. This essay on Public Relations was written and submitted by user Eric Chapman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Roman Imperial Succession in the Julio-Claudian Era

Roman Imperial Succession in the Julio-Claudian Era The Imperial period is the time of the Roman Empire. The 1st leader of the Imperial period was Augustus, who was from the  Julian  family of Rome. The next four emperors were all from his or his wifes (Claudian) family. The two family names are combined in the form   Julio-Claudian. The Julio-Claudian era covers the first few Roman emperors,  Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius,  and  Nero.​ Ancient Roman history is divided into 3 periods: RegalRepublicanImperial Sometimes a fourth period is included: Byzantine Period. The Rules of Succession Since the Roman Empire was new at the time of the Julio-Claudians, it still had to work out issues of succession. The first emperor, Augustus, made much of the fact that he was still following the rules of the Republic, which permitted dictators. Rome hated kings, so although emperors were kings in all but name, a direct reference to the succession of the kings would have been anathema. Instead, the Romans had to work out the rules of succession as they went. They had models, like the aristocratic road to political office (cursus honorum), and, at least in the beginning, expected emperors to have illustrious ancestors. It soon became apparent that a potential emperors claim to the throne required money and military backing. Augustus Appoints a Co-Regent The senatorial class historically passed along their status to their offspring, so succession within a family was acceptable; however, Augustus lacked a son to whom to pass along his privileges. In 23 B.C., when he thought he would die, Augustus handed a ring conveying imperial power to his trusted friend and general Agrippa. Augustus recovered. Family circumstances changed. Augustus adopted Tiberius, his wifes son, in A.D. 4 and gave him proconsular and tribunician power. He married his heir to his daughter Julia. In 13, Augustus made Tiberius co-regent. When Augustus died, Tiberius already had imperial power. Conflicts could be minimized if the successor had had the opportunity to co-rule. Tiberius Two Heirs Following Augustus, the next four emperors of Rome were all related to Augustus or his wife Livia. They are referred to as Julio-Claudians. Augustus had been very popular and so Rome felt allegiance to his descendants, too. Tiberius, who had been married to Augustus daughter and was the son of Augustus third wife Julia, had not yet openly decided who would follow him when he died in A.D. 37. There were 2 possibilities: Tiberius grandson Tiberius Gemellus or the son of Germanicus. On Augustus order, Tiberius had adopted Augustus nephew Germanicus and named them equal heirs. Caligulas Illness The Praetorian Prefect, Macro, supported Caligula (Gaius) and the Senate of Rome accepted the prefects candidate. The young emperor seemed promising at first but soon suffered a serious illness from which he emerged a terror. Caligula demanded extreme honors be paid to him and otherwise humiliated the Senate. He alienated the praetorians who killed him after 4 years as emperor. Unsurprisingly, Caligula had not yet selected a successor. Claudius is Persuaded to Take the Throne Praetorians found Claudius cowering behind a curtain after they assassinated his nephew Caligula. They were in the process of ransacking the palace, but instead of killing Claudius, they recognized him as the brother of their much loved Germanicus and persuaded Claudius to take the throne. The Senate had been at work finding a new successor, too, but the praetorians, again, imposed their will. The new emperor bought the continued allegiance of the praetorian guard. One of Claudius wives, Messalina, had produced an heir known as Britannicus, but Claudius last wife, Agrippina, persuaded Claudius to adopt her sonwhom we know as Neroas heir. Nero, the Last of the Julio-Claudian Emperors Claudius died before the full inheritance had been accomplished, but Agrippina had support for her son, Nero, from the Praetorian Prefect Burrus whose troops were assured a financial bounty. The Senate again confirmed the praetorians choice of successor and so Nero became the last of the Julio-Claudian emperors. Later Successions Later emperors often designated successors or co-regents. They could also bestow the title of Caesar on their sons or other family member. When there was a gap in the dynastic rule, the new emperor had to be proclaimed either by the Senate or the army, but the consent of the other was required to make the succession legitimate. The emperor also had to be acclaimed by the people. Women were potential successors, but the first woman to rule in her own name, Empress Irene (c. 752 - August 9, 803), and alone, was after our time period. Succession Problems The first century saw 13 emperors, the 2nd, 9, but then the 3rd produced 37 (plus the 50 Michael Burger says never made it to the rolls of the historians). Generals would march on Rome where the terrified senate would declare them emperor (imperator, princeps, and augustus). Many of these emperors with nothing more than force legitimating their positions, had assassination to look forward to. Sources: A History of Rome, by M. Cary and H.H. Scullard. 1980.Also J.B. Burys History of the Later Roman Empire and The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity to the Enlightenment, by Michael Burger. For more information on imperial succession, see: The Transmission of the Powers of the Roman Emperor from the Death of Nero in A.D. 68 to That of Alexander Severus in A.D. 235, by Mason Hammond; Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, Vol. 24, (1956), pp. 6163-133.

Study questions for The Rain God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Study questions for The Rain God - Essay Example .. /Give me silence, water, hope./Give me struggle, iron, volcanoes. / Fasten your bodies to me like magnets. /Hasten to my veins, to my mouth. / Speak through my words and by blood.Inspired by Neruda's poetric skills, Islas gives expressive voice to the dead, and retrieves the ghosts of a family and extended families from the oblivion of unrecorded history The relationship between father and son is tense because the father has an affair with his son's girlfriend. He does not believe in the traditional family structure since he did not get married although the family wants him to. He was always told by his father to be a man, but he is very sensitve and intelligent. Miguel Chico did not at all turn out the way his father wants him to be. He is not at all a dominat man or a patriarch. He is completely different from his father. His and his family thinks Miguel may be a homesexual because he does not conform to the normal family values Juanita is the wife of Miguel grande. She is a wife and mother. She trusts her husband completely and allows him to make all the decisions. Miguel cheats on Juanite.Nevertheless at some point he can not take the feelings of guilt anymore and he confesses his affaire with Lola to Juanita. Even in this situation Juanita does not think about her pain, but makes sure his pride as a man is not hurt.

Executive Summary and analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Executive Summary and analysis - Research Paper Example he reason behind selecting internet to carry out a research was, because, web based surveys are quite advanced technology which helps a researcher create complex and technical instruments using interactive features and multimedia. Moreover, the date is easily collected and analyzed and accurate, since, the answers are found to be more honest than any other way. Similarly, the decision to administer a questionnaire was decided on the basis that, where it is easy and quick to analyze, there it also enable researcher to collect large information. Furthermore, the project is been carried out to use the quantitative skills and managerial statistics to analyze the survey not only quantitatively, but quantitatively with the help of either ‘Z’ or ‘T’ statistics which does not only form an individual confidence level but also predict whether the confidence interval proved to be correct or not, hence leading to rejection or not rejecting the null hypothesis, which is our original statement or prediction. As the calculated value is more than the table value of ‘Z’ statistics, we reject null hypothesis. This means that the internet survey response was equal to or more than 50 at 0.05 alpha level. The outcome also illustrate that the confidence interval selected was most appropriate as the result are on the right side. The confidence interval shows how sure you can be of the result. The greater the interval the surer you are of the consequences, hence, 95% confidence interval depicts that you are 95 percent sure of what and how will be the outcome. On the other hand, alpha level or significant level is calculated by subtracting the confidence interval from 100. To give a brief, yet enhance version of the result, it can been seen that the result does not agree with our predicted or initial statement that the internet survey response will be less than 50, due to which rejection of null hypothesis occurred. However, certain problem that occurred during the

Multiple Intelligences Theory and Sternbergs Triarchic Theory

Multiple Intelligences Theory and Sternbergs Triarchic Theory I will write the corrections between two theories Gardner`s Multiple Intelligences Theory and Sternbergs Triarchic Theory .I will discuss what are the aspects of similarities and differences between the theories. This assignment attempts to show how Gardner and Sternberg drew similar conclusion regarding human capacity and potential, examine Gardners eight intelligences and Sternbergs three kinds of intelligences (Vardin, 2003). I choose these theories because they are alike to some extent as well as that they are very famous and comprehensive these days. Some countries have made in the application of the schools and succeeded in doing so as USA (infed.org/thinkers/et-schon-htm-49k.). I choose Gardner`s theory in a particular because it supports that each person has a unique profile of intelligences but to varying degrees from others. Gardner said that intelligences are not only hereditary, but they also become acquired, so that we can strengthen the strong points and do not lose hop e of the weakness points but work to raise them (Gardner ,1997 ). What Gardner says raises our morale. Therefore I choose Gardner`s theory to compare with Sternberg theory in addition to similarities between of them. I will evaluate each theory in my teaching practice in primary school which of these theories I will agree or more strong than another. I will arrange my assignment first I will mention every aspect of both theories and discuss each one separately and provide differences and similarities in this capacity of this attribute and then I will apply each aspect in my context which is primary schools in Libya. The key aspects which I will compare are: both theories are critical of the unitary of intelligence, what these intelligences are in their opinions, both of them are holistic view and more inclusive notion, both of them generate ideas and provide feedback as the curriculum is developed, what both of them said for teaching approaches and assessment approaches, both theori sts view that culture contexts are important in relation to intelligences. Both of these theories are about intelligences and against the traditional concept of intelligence. Gardner multiple intelligences theory and Sternberg triarchic theory are about intelligences and both of them opposed intelligence is a general which asserts that intelligence is ability logical and linguistic. They are proposing that intelligences are thought of as a wide range of abilities. Sternberg`s and Gardner`s (1982) summarized the general intelligence theory by stating general intelligence can be understood componentially as deriving in part from the execution of general components information processing behaviour (http://www.personality research.org/papers/paik.html) .The traditional view of intelligence is defined success in problem solving ability to learn, capacity for producing nodegenetic solutions, understanding of complex instructions or simply all round cognitive ability. (Eysenck, 1982, p.8). However, Sternberg and Gardner defined intelligences in another way. According to Sternberg intelligence is mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world environments relevant to one`s life (Sternberg 1985 p .45). Intelligences in this view mean that how an individual treats the environment change through his/her life and adapts with it. (Ibid, 1985). However, the definition of intelligences according to Gardner are ability to solve problem or fashion products that are of consequence in a particular culture setting or community (Gardner 1993: p, 15) and he also defined it in 1999 as a bio psychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture (Gardner 1999 p.34). Each of those theories has merits and evidences to support its claims (http://www.personality research.org/papers/paik.html).The traditional view of intelligence was measured by Stanford Binet intelligence scale for children IQ, Wechsler intelligence scale for children WISCIV, Woodcock Johnson test of cognitive ability and Scholastic Aptitude Tes t. However, in contrast, multiple intelligences theories opposed that. They say that short answer test cannot measure deep understanding but it indicates memorization skills. Furthermore, the traditional view of intelligence mentioned that people are born with intelligence and this intelligence cannot change over the life whereas the writer of multiple intelligences believes that intelligences are both genetic and acquired, and human being can improve intelligences through life. In teaching practice teachers in the traditional view taught students in the same way whereas in multiple intelligences theories teachers use a variety of ways to teach and assess students. Sternberg and Gardner agree that people have different types of intelligences (http://web.Cortland. Edu/and ersmd/ learning/traditional%20intelligence.htm). In my experience, I agree with Sternberg and Gardner that intelligence is multiple while I oppose the intelligence with the traditional view that intelligence is unitary. For example, in my educational context in primary school, it is not fair to describe a student as is not intelligent because he or she has not done well in the traditional test(paper and pencil) which is focused only on logical and linguistic intelligences and do not take account of other types of intelligences . This student maybe successful in other life skills, but he could not to be completed in the traditional exam. In addition, from my learning experience and what I hear from my fellow teachers, some students are giving new creative solutions to mathematical problems have not been studied before while they do not achieve in examinations measured by conventional paper and pen. Sometimes, I and my colleagues notice that some students are not smart in a particular area for example writing and reading while they a re smart in other areas therefore I support Gardner and Sternberg that human being has multi intelligences not just one. How Sternberg and Gardner consider the intelligences. Both of them agree that a human has different intelligences, which are independent of each other. In their views that individual differences intelligences, begin from the earliest years of life and when someone has strength in one area of ability, this is not ensuring strengths or weaknesses in other areas (Vardin, 2003).They state, in fact, that everyone has a unique profile (ibid, 2003). Both of them see individual development as a result between genetic and environmental factors (ibid 2003). However, the theorists did not agree on the number of intelligences. Gardner (1983) believes that there are seven types of intelligences linguistic, logical, bodily-kinaesthetic, musical, spatial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal (Campbell, Dickinson, Campbell, 2004). Whereas Sternberg believes that there are three kinds of intelligences creative, analytical and practical (Sternberg, 1985). According to Gardner he asserts eight evidences for MI theory as follows, isolated two abilities from ea ch other by brain damage, exceptional individual such as prodigies and idiots savants, some core information processing operations, experiment psychology and cognitive psychology, symbol system, evolutionary biology (Gardner, Kornhaber, Wake, 1996) and psychometric findings (Gardner 1983:62). He describes two kinds of traditional intelligence which can easily practice in schools and next three kinds he classified them in art and the last two kinds they are more personal (Gardner 1999). The eight Kinds of intelligences according to Gardner as follow. Linguistic verbal intelligence. It contains sensitivity to the sound, rhythm, spoken and written language, and the capacity to learn usage language to express the meaning and to explain concepts and remember information as formal system such as writers, lawyers, speakers. Some forms in this intelligence include telling jokes, discussion and writing poems (Campbell, Campbell, and Dickinson: 2004). Logical -mathematical intelligence. We use our logical /mathematical intelligence to analyze problem logically, determining relation such as cause and effect and achieve mathematical operation. Some forms in this intelligence involve creating thinking, analyzing problems and discovering and using logical sequences (Kagan, Kagan, 1998). Bodily -kinaesthetic intelligence. Ability to use whole body or parts of the body such as movement gestures , facial, and hand gestures and enjoy in physical activities .( Kagan Kagan ,1998).This intelligence may see different from traditional views of intelligence.Bodily kinaesthetic intelligence involves the use of all or part of one`s body to solve problems of fashion products. And core operations associated with this intelligence are control over fine and gross motor action and the ability to manipulate external objects. (Gardner, Kornhaber, Wake 1996 p.209). Such as found in athletes, dancers and surgeons. Musical intelligence. In this intelligence Sternberg and Gardner agree on it and Sternberg call it creative intelligence .According to Gardner musical intelligence gives chance to people to creative, communicate, and understand meaning made out of sound .It is different from linguistic intelligence (Gardner kornhaber, wake 1996). People can gain a high degree in musical skills. Gardner himself has high degree in this intelligence and states I believe that I think musically I need music to work. I also hear music all the time in my head I think that my major activities to think and to read and to write occur in a very musical way. My literary work reflects the sorts of organization that I observed in composition I studied and played i.e. the development of themes ,the effects that something introduced at one point has much later back and forth(Gardner 1997,p 10). Spatial intelligence. We express this intelligence through pictures, sculpture, and arranging objects. Those strong in this intelligence enjoy designing, doodling, and drawing. Some forms this intelligence takes include map interpreting and making decorating, page, layout , design and make collages .(Kaga ,kagan 1998). It concerns the ability to perceived spatial information to transform this information, and to create visual images even without original references. Blind people also can use it because it is not dependent on visual sensation for example to build mental image of their homes or figurers out routes to work. Core abilities in this intelligence are ability to build images in three dimensions (Gardner, Kornhaber, Wake 1996). The last two intelligences are the personal intelligence. Interpersonal intelligence. It is ability to interact successfully with others. Some forms of this intelligence are leadership skills, friendship skills and ability to understand strength and weaknesses points for others (Kagan, Kagan, 1998).Interpersonal intelligence makes use of core capacities to recognize and make distinctions among others feelings, belief and intention In early development of this intelligence will be ability young people to distinguish from other individuals in their environments and enable them to carry out their work (Gardner, Kornhaber, Wake 1996 p.211). Intrapersonal Intelligence. It concerns ability to understand our own feeling images, dreams, moods and states. Gardner defined the intrapersonal intelligence over the years. After frames of mind(1983), Gardner focused on the feeling life in his original conception of intrapersonal intelligence, but that he had come to stress instead, the importance of having a viable model of oneself and of being able to draw effectively upon that model in making decisions about ones life (Gardner, 1993, p.xviii). This statement reflects cognitive learning. Defining intelligence in this view ways of thinking associated with different types of information. Gardner argues that intrapersonal intelligence is human only. (Kagan, Kagan 1998). According to him, each of these seven can be observed and measured. Moreover, everyone has seven kinds of intelligences in different levels; someone might be strong in musical intelligence and poor in logical intelligence so individuals are distinguished by their particular profile of intelligences (1999, 1983). More recently, Gardner opens the door to additional candidate intelligences (naturalist, spiritual, existential and moral intelligences). Naturalist intelligence. It is ability to classify and recognize natural patterns through encounters with natural world that involve appreciation for and understand flora and fauna (Lazear.2004). It enables people to recognize certain feature of the environment. It combines a description of the core ability with a characterization of the role that many cultures value (Gardner 1999, p.48). Inclusion of naturalist intelligence appears straight forward. He has added a naturalist intelligence in his list. Spiritual intelligence. Is more complex and seem more responsible (ibid 1999). Existential intelligence. Although existential intelligence might be attractive and concern with ultimate issue, Gardner is not arranging to add it in his list .Gardner state I find the phenomenon perplexing enough and the distance from the other intelligences are vast enough to dictate prudence at least for now(ibid :66). Moral intelligence:it is a concern with those rules, behaviours and attitudes that govern the sanctity of life in particular, the sanctity of human life and in many cases, the sanctity of any other living creatures and the world they inhabit (ibid p.70). In the other hand, Sternberg`s theory comprises three parts: componential, experiential, and practical. Sternberg labelled three components the met components, performance components, and knowledge -acquisition component (Sternberg 1985). Sternberg explains that different contexts and different tasks require different kinds of intelligences. He divided his theory the three parts as follow (Sternberg, 1985). Componential/Analytical sub theory. This is the sort of thinking which involve critical and problem solving, and is usually measured by traditional tests. Unfortunately, individuals with only this type of thinking are not necessarily able to creating unique ideas of their own because analytical giftedness often is tested without other. It is involved when human being responses such as compare and contrast evaluate, Critique, explain (Sternberg 1997). Experiential/creative sub theory. This is a second kind of thinking to generate new ideas and he divided it two parts novelty and automation. A novel situation. It is ability to solve problems in different and unfamiliar ways never experienced before (Sternberg 1997). Automated .It is familiar. It has been performed multiple times with the same or other processes. Practical thinking. Deals with the mental activity involved in attaining fit to contrast . (Sternberg, 1985 p.45), and it occurs when learners apply what they know to everyday life (Howie, 2009b). This thinking is dependent on three processes. Adaptation. It occurs when someone adapt to changes around him/her (Sternberg 1985). Shaping .It occurs when someone makes changes to adapt to the real world (Sternberg 1985). Selection. It concerns when a completely new alternative environment replaced the previous one, to meet the individual`s goals (Sternberg, 1985). Most people who are successfully intelligent are not equal in these three abilities, but they find ways of making the three abilities work harmoniously together (Sternberg, 2008). Sternberg agrees with Gardner in creative or musical intelligence but in other six abilities he classified practical and analytical intelligences. In my teaching practice, I agree with Gardner and Sternberg that each student has different intelligences from others. For example, in my class I have smart student in conservation while another student is smart in writing. The intelligent student in the conservation is not needed for intelligence or stupidity in other skills because each of these intelligences is independent of other intelligences. I also agree with them that intelligences are influenced by environmental aspects for example, if person has been done a particular work in a certain country, he/she may consider smart while if he/she does the same work in other country may classify him/her as not intelligent and vice versa. From my teaching experience I have two twin girls in my class; they have lived in different environments and circumstances. I have found these girls have different intelligences from each other. This may be some evidence that environment has a big role to refigure our intelligences into development or foil. On the other hand, I agree with Gardner that intelligences divide into eight intelligences, and it is possible to add others whereas I dispute with Sternberg those intelligences are just three. In my experience, I have noticed that intelligences of the students are not only creative or practical or analytical. For example, some students do not own those three intelligences so they cannot learn practical, analytical and creative ways. Does this mean they are not smart? However, these students may have other types of intelligences as Gardner said because when I explain the lesson in other ways by signals or move my body, they understand better. This means that they have Bodily -kinaesthetic intelligence, or when I read the lesson in a melodic way, student who has musical intelligence understand better than any other ways. Therefore, I have tendency with Gardner Multiple intelligences that students have eight kinds of intelligences as I mentioned them above. Inclusion view or holistic view. Both of psychologists put tendency forwards theories with multiple abilities or intelligences, which are a much more holistic view of abilities, learning to a much more inclusive notion of how individual can be able. When Gardner`s original listing of the intelligences in frame of mind (1983).There are discussions to other possible for inclusion. After many researches Gardner reached to three possibilities: A naturalist intelligence, a spiritual intelligence and existential intelligence (Gardner 1999:52). The final one for inclusion is moral intelligence; if people accept moral intelligence then it is possible to add it. It is inclusive to add intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences. Although he emphasises intrapersonal intelligence as near to met cognition, the non hierarchical nature of this list, he wishes to see executive function as an entity which emerge from other intelligences (ibid, 1999). Gardner points out that two people have not exactly the same profile of strengths and weakness and we can enhance any intelligence by concerted effort (Montessori, 2003). On the other hand, According to Sternberg when he did some studies in the diversity of students in different cultures, findings in these studies that students who achieve high analytical groups were mostly white and middle class, the high in creative and practical groups were not. He said when you expand the range of abilities considered, the range of student identified as gifted increase as well.(Sternberg, 2008 p.60). I agree with both theories that ability of human being is a more holistic view. Through my experience I have found that students capabilities are multiple, and they have abilities to do a lot of things. I have found some students who have natural abilities where they could learn by exploration a nature as an animals or plants around them. There are some students who have moral intelligence. This is very important to have in my religion and culture. We cannot avoid it, and I hope that Gardner add it to his list officially. There are a lot of intelligences which indicate the universality of human ability such as culinary, industrial intelligences and others. In addition the way in which intelligences present in different cultures is not limited to a certain category for example students from Europe or the Middle East or from Africa, all exhibit different kinds of intelligences. In my experience, it is possible to find creative ability in Europeans students and analytical ability in Afr ican students and vice versa. Both of them said about developing curriculum and teaching. Both of theories Gardner (1983) theory of multiple intelligences and Sternberg (1985, 1988) triarchic theory of human intelligences generate ideas and to provide feedback as the curriculums are developed. Schools have moved to organize their curriculum according to MI theory. They start to use videotapes and net works to explore abilities in students and to teach them away adapt to their potentials. MI is encouraged by the educational community in three reasons first, MI emphasizes that children have many intelligences, not just one, and these abilities are defined shaped, and combined by the environment. Second, MI focused on children. Finally, MI emphasis intelligences are different from culture to another. Many of schools focused on MI to arrange their curriculum and MI help teacher how to create ways to teach lessons to students. (Torff: 1997, 1998). Gardner`s urges that teachers must pay attention to unique intelligences profiles and individual differences when they teach their students. He believes that there are one way to teach for individual differences in intelligences profiles, teacher can teach students through taking a topic or domain and explains it in different intelligences approaches, or by using entry points to helping them grasp new material according to their intelligences ( Howie, 2009a). In addition, he argues that practical intelligence curriculum which includes two parts: The Yale portion of the curriculum, designed to teach skills used across content areas. This is taught by content teachers for two or three period per week separately. (Sternberg, Okagaki, Jackson 1990, p. 36). The Harvard portion of the curriculum, which emphasizes individual subject -matter infusion of the skills within the content class.(ibid, 1990, p. 36). According to Sternberg, teachers need to teach their students with three abilities for increasing achievements. In his view, teaching involves helping students to capitalize their strength and to correct their weaknesses. This means that teachers must use a variety of ways to teaching students some of the time, they encourage students to analyze, critical, evaluate, compare and contrast and in other times to create, imagine, invent, and other times to apply, implement and practice. Sternberg and his colleagues have carried out a study in the United States. In this study, they used the Sternberg triarchic abilities test. The children were divided into four groups : High analytical ,high creative, high practical, high in all abilities or low in all abilities, all students listened to the same introductory psychology lecture in the morning but different among them were the type of lesson in afternoon section with one approach critical, analysis, compare and contrast, second approach , i magine, discover, invent and explore, the third approach practical, apply and implement, and the fourth approach in the memory condition. They might ask to memorize the main aspects of a major theory. Their results suggest that students who were placed in afternoon sections that matched their abilities performed better than did student who attended afternoon sections mismatched (Sternberg .2008).In the other words when students learn in ways matched their abilities , they can perform better at least some of times. So a good teacher uses a variety of teaching methods which adapt with abilities of their students. Sternberg (1985) has found practical intelligence for schools PIFS curriculum is based on the four kinds of knowledge to adaptation to any environment: managing oneself, managing tasks, and working with (managing) others. Self management, the teacher and student discuss styles of thinking of student multiple intelligences (Sternberg 1988, 1990) and each student chooses own individual style which adapt with him/her. Managing tasks, which deals with topics such as put strategies to solve problems, to correct bad habits, understanding questions and taking tests. Cooperating with others (practical discussion in class, shift places with others, and solving communication problems. I agree with psychologists that the development of the curriculum must be commensurate with the needs and students capabilities. The teachers should use a variety of ways to teach students such as video, participation, collaborative groups, advanced technology and others to adapting with learners themselves. While I disagree with Sternberg that teachers use three ways to teach and assess students practical, analysis and creative because there are some students cannot understand in these three ways, does this mean they are not smart so I strongly agree with Gardner that teachers must teach students in eight ways or more. .This view is fitting with my plans in my future teaching practice and to give me a great help to understanding the capacities of the students and to help them to understand the lesson through unique profile of abilities. Each student has the right to discuss with the teacher the pedagogical approaches which best fit with him/her. This will be benefit the learning and teaching process in both the teacher and the student. In the future I will apply this theory in my teaching practice. For example, if I have class which it contains group of students, I will identify their abilities according to their responses or understandings in the class then I will teach them and assess them in ways that fit their abilities. For example, with linguistic intelligence group I may ask them to write story or to read text with correct pronunciation, mathematical intelligence group for example, I will give the numerical activities, computer programming, and solving mathematical problem, Intrapersonal intelligence group I will leave them to work by concentrating the subject themselves because they tend to work alone. I will explain the lesson by bodily movement to facilitate understanding the lesson for Bodily Kinaesthetic group. Students who have interpersonal intelligences I will learn them by putting them collaborative groups. Visual Spatial groups I will show the m visual images. Musical groups, I will read the lesson as song or may play musical instrument although this intelligence is difficult to apply in my religion because we do not have music in our schools. Nature intelligence group I will learn them outside the school in the nature environment although this intelligence also difficult as other one because we have limited time in class and we have a big number of students in the same class. Both of them consider intelligences in teaching and assessment approaches. Both of these theorists agree that teaching and assessment approaches consider in their theories but in different ways. Both of them agree that intelligence can be improved at any age the more we practice the more we become. According to Sternberg, he suggests that tests of intelligence are not complete in both sides either in applying or in design; they are not adequate in design, because they heavily depend on analytical ability and do not pay attention in practical and creative abilities. As well they are not adequate in implementation because they are predicted that ways are fixed rather than flexible (Sternberg, 2008). Sternberg and his colleagues designed studies which are the Rainbow project and SAT Reasoning test which measures practical, creative analytical skills. They tested 1,013 high schools and colleges; they gave them analytical questions as available in conventional test but also gave them crea tive and practical questions. The creative questions required from students to imagine for example, they may ask them to write new story or may show them pictures and ask them to create a story orally. The practical test required asking students to solve problems in real life as consequence their studies, there were critical findings. First, they discovered three factors on their tests one was creative thinking, a second factor was practical thinking, the third factor was multiple-choice problem solving (Sternberg, 2008). Second, they discovered that using broader tests for college admissions can enhance academic excellence. Third, they discover that they could substantially reduce ethnic-group differences on the tests. There are a lot of students from the majority group who learn in ways that are different from those who assessed from standardized tests. These children may have abilities to success in real life, but these abilities may not appear in conventional tests. There are al so other projects called Kaleidoscope project (ibid, 2008). He also adds that assessment approaches must match to each type of intelligences (Sternberg: 2000). However, in contrast, according to Gardner, he refers to the weak performance of standardised test two reasons first, test is too narrow, and it just measures linguistic and logical abilities and does not take account spatial, bodily, kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and musical abilities. Second, pencil and paper testing are far away from real life. The MI has driven a critique of standardized testing; it suggests alternative assessment that captures the wide range of intelligences. He opposed assessment by pencil and paper type. He points out that rather advocates building up profile by teacher observation and project. We can use contextualised assessment such as the Project Spectrum Approach which contain from variety of settings in pre schools and primary schools assessments including teacher observation and telling stories, activities and games to determine strength and weaknesses for children. As well there are other projects used as alternative teaching, learning and assessment for schools by Gardner and his colleagues such as Mather and ATLAS projects and Project Zero (Troff, 1997,1998). He suggests s that we can possess eight types of intelligence. Moreover, he believes there are probably others that we have not yet been able to test. Each of us is unique and unrepeatable. We are complex than any standard testing instrument can reveal. We must stop labelling children because labelling is an unfair practice (Lazear, 2004, 12, 16). In multiple intelligences :Howard Gardner (1993) says Now a huge body of experimental evidence exists to indicate that assessment materials designed for one target audience cannot be transported directly to another cultural setting ,there are no purely culture fair or culture build materials . Every instrument reflects its origins. There is also an accumulation of findings about the cognitive abilities of various kinds of experts. It has been shown that experts often fail on formal measures of their calculating or re asoning capacities but can be shown to exhibit precisely those some skills in the course of their ordinary work in such cases, it is instruments which purported to document the person level of competence (Gardner 1993 p.172). Gardner is concerned to help students creating unique intelligences profiles and he suggests that creating should be the main goal of intelligence testing. Furthermore, he believes that teach students in the same way and assess them only by using one kind of assessment written or standard tests are simply unfair. Students are different from each other and we must take these differences into account when we are looking to structure our schools and when we assess our students. For example, when student does not perform well on a writte